Impacts of troponin in heart health and disease

Troponin is a complex protein that has crucial roles in muscles contraction particularly in heart. This protein encompasses of three subunits including (C, I and T). As tissue injury, troponin is released to bloodstream making it a principal marker to detect tissues/cardiac related complications. Especially with introducing of high-sensitivity assays, cardiac troponins had emerged as mainstay of the diagnosis, risks stratification, and prognostication of myocardial injury. Cardiac troponins are important biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction, but recent studies have shown them to be of diagnostic and prognostic importance also in a greater variety of non-ischemic conditions including heart failure, myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, and sepsis. This review discusses the changing clinical role of troponin, particularly with respect to its kinetic properties, relevance in diverse pathophysiological scenarios, and incorporation into multi-marker approaches. We also describe future developments, highlighting the integration of troponin into machine learning modelling and precision medicine initiatives. Such innovations can improve diagnostic yield, facilitate early intervention, and guide personalized treatment strategies in both ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease.